Divalent Cation Definition in Chemistry

A divalent cation is an cation with valence of 2. This type of ion may form two chemical bonds with anions. Also Known As: bivalent cation Examples A magnesium ion, Mg2 is a divalent cation. In fact, all of the alkaline earth metals (group 2) form divalent cations. Source Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

Modern White Collar Crime A Modern Or Postmodern Crime

Society has made many individuals question Enron scandal in regards to what is a modern or postmodern crime. Modern white collar crime focuses primarily on agriculture, productive activity, hand-tool technology, and farming villages as a community or family unit. While, postmodern white collar crime deals with more advanced technology such as computers, virtual communities, television/computer link-ups, and telephone communication. Overall, those who seek a career in criminology must navigate terminology barriers such as what way they would apply the term crime. Additionally, they must learn how to put white collar crimes in broader terms, by asking themselves how they have evolve from merely fraud cases. Criminologists must able to watch the media and look beyond what the media release in a news press by analysis the information with facts or reasonable logic from their research and academics studies. Lastly, they must participate in observer studies where they the information first hand in study groups or primary data, criminologists must engage directly in the research in order to come up with theories and possible conclusions. The second case graffiti and fraternity crime in Bloomington Indiana, centralized on how the privileged at Indiana University’s student organizations can escape criminalization based on their social class. Students at Indiana universities in Bloomington from Greek organizations would graffiti their first names and their Greek affiliations by usingShow MoreRelatedFight Club Film Analysis1551 Words   |  7 Pagesself-conscious uses of pre-existing artistic styles and media conventions. It also depends on modern society being defined by media culture. In this essay, I will be examining Fight Club (David Fincher, 1999) and how it can be categorised as postmodern. I will be defining what a postmodern film is and review the term using historical examples referenced in the text. â€Å"Lyotard famously defines the postmodern as incredulity towards metanarratives, where metanarratives are understood as totalising storiesRead MoreTracing Theoretical Approaches to Crime and Social Control: from Functionalism to Postmodernism16559 Words   |  67 Pages 33 Neo-Marxist Critical theory: The Frankfurt School.................................................. 34 Structural Marxism ..................................................................................................... 35 Post-Modern Views on Crime in Neo-Marxist Criminology ..................................... 40 CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................... 42 FOUCAULTS SYSTEM OF POWER AND DISCIPLINERead MoreSociology A2 Revision 2012 34479 Words   |  18 PagesWednesday 13th June, am Unit 4 exam: Tuesday 19th June, pm Easter Revision: tbc A2 Syllabus: AQA Sociology GCE (new specification) Unit 3: Mass Media (SCLY3) Worth 20% of your final A Level Written paper, 1 hour 30 minutes 60 marks available Unit 4: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (SCLY4) Worth 30% of your final A Level Written paper, 2 hours 90 marks available Timetable Use your revision checklists to draw up a timetable for revision leading up to the exam. 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Why do poor countries have a predominance of infectious Free Essays

string(44) " chronic diseases suffered in this country\." Why do poor countries have a predominance of infectious diseases as opposed to the lifestyle-related diseases of wealthy countries? What is your response to the global health inequalities that exist? By Marcela Step One: Why do poor countries have a predominance of Infectious diseases as opposed to the lifestyle-related diseases of wealthy countries? What Is your response to the global health Inequalities that exist? Step Two: Willie’s sociological imagination template has made me understand how factors including historical, cultural, structural and critical components affect the way one fives their life (Willis, as cited in Germen, 2014). As each factor is linked to one another, a variance of health issues worldwide continuously exists. I have experienced global health inequality first hand due to structural factors such as undeveloped technology and education. We will write a custom essay sample on Why do poor countries have a predominance of infectious or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the semester break of this year, I was fortunate enough to travel throughout South America. Unfortunately whilst traveling I became very ill and was taken to a clinic for medical assistance. One attended to, patients, including myself were treated in an unhygienic environment, with poor attention to sanitation such as clean sheets on the examination bed. Poor health practices also occurred with very few health professionals wearing appropriate clothing such as gloves when vaccinating a patient or correctively washing their hands before and after examining a patient. Personally, the experience of being treated with such medical attendance under poor conditions has led me to believe that the predominance of infectious diseases in developing nations Is somewhat because health practices are not being followed In accordance to clinical practice guidelines. Marcela Merles S00107898 using my experience as an example, the environment Itself and the negligence of hygiene from health professionals themselves creates an easy exposure and outbreak of Infectious diseases to patients. Both examples are easily preventable and the health Inequality here exists when comparing the treatment given to patients using health standards of developed nations In comparison to undeveloped nations. On another hand, I have seen the predominance of lifestyle-related diseases In Australia from a cultural component. Born and raised in Australia I know that the Australian culture consists of social gatherings such as barbeques, which increase the likelihood of choices such as alcohol consumption, smoking and unhealthy diet. Ordinance of diseases in wealthy nations such as Australia are due to lifestyle choices made by the individual. The individual is putting themselves at risk with behaviors such as lack of exercise and unhealthy dieting contributing to obesity and cardiovascular diseases. In comparison, I believe the predominance of diseases in underdeveloped nations is primarily infectious-based due to the quality of care received by patients. A large percentage of citizens have difficulty accessing health care of greater-quality because of their socio-economic status or the unavailability of such health care found within reasonable traveling distance. I believe health inequalities are preventable, but barriers as those mentioned previously including a lack of education from health professionals as well, obstructs any preventative measures from being put into action, exposing patients to a greater risk of diseases. Manila Merles s00107898 Step Three: Further research into health sociology, in particular the sociological theory of modernity (Lives, 2008), has given me greater awareness of how and why particular health problems exist. Lives (2008) defines modernity as a modern outlook of the world driven by economy, politics and science. Breakthrough in these areas has not only shown structural changes to the development of industrialization and political democracy, but also a changed way of thinking with modernization of knowledge and ideas. Modernization represents a complete change from the past out breaking into a different type of society. The theory of modernity can be linked to the structural factors of the sociological template and has shown me an understanding of how modern societies have an advantage in social organizations, in comparison to undeveloped societies. This concept is strongly influenced by technology and such advancements in wealthy countries allow citizens to live differently to those in undeveloped nations. In respect to health, advanced technology may include medical treatment including resources used that are of higher quality than those used in undeveloped nations. Likewise, modernity allows for advancements in education and in reference to health inequality, health education must be put into further action for undeveloped societies to be taught at least the basic forms of prevention of diseases. An insight into the theory of modernity has shown me that everyone sees health and illness fervently and hence is a reason why there are health differences among cultures and countries worldwide. As the structural components of a social organization affect people’s lives, it is important to look at the role the government of undeveloped nations play within their health care system. Using my personal experience as recalled in part two, citizens in South America do not have control over the health care they receive. In Australia, we are fortunate to have Medicare as the basis of Australia’s health care system, covering many health care costs for its citizens. Such health care system does not exist in South America, therefore the financial status of each individual impact greatly receive care and treatment at all. Additionally, economic disadvantages within a nation may not have substantial funds to build health care centers such as hospitals and medical centers or provide those in need with medical supplies that are economically in reach. I believe that Australia has developed chronic lifestyle-related diseases due to behaviors such as eating patterns while South America has developed infectious diseases through unhygienic practices. Furthermore, I used the social model of health as a reference to make rather understanding of health inequality and possible methods for providing better health for those in need (Germen, 2014). This model highlights â€Å"health inequalities suffered by different social groups based on class, gender, ethnicity and occupation† (Germen, 2014). Having this in mind, I can make reference to the Australian lifestyle and culture as a determinant for chronic diseases suffered in this country. You read "Why do poor countries have a predominance of infectious" in category "Papers" Manila Merles s0010789 I believe that Australia has developed chronic lifestyle-related diseases due to behaviors such as eating patterns while South America has developed infectious sissies through unhygienic practices. In addiction to unhygienic practices as a factor of infectious diseases, the social model of health has made me understand that education; economic status, ethnicity and access to health care systems also contribute to this as well. Step Four: The World Health Organization (2014) has defined health inequality as â€Å"differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups†. The social, economic and environmental conditions in which a person is born and lives in strongly influences one’s health (WHO, 2014). Health inequalities can be due to natural variations or personal choices, I. E. The growth of lifestyle-related diseases in Australia, and others are due to outside environment and conditions the individual cannot control, I. E. The predominance of infectious diseases in poor countries (Turrets, Stately, De Eloper, Oldenburg, 2006). The uneven distribution of health inequality worldwide is unjust and unfair but such unfairness is not only found within the distribution of health itself (Irradiate and Allotted, 2007). This has created a significant gap of health status between the wealthy and the poor. Not only are health inequalities apparent between different socio-economic groups but also between genders and different ethnic groups (Allotted, Irradiate, Kumar, Cummins, 2003). To begin with, Irradiate and Allotted (2007) have researched health inequality as an outcome of economically deprived populations. Differences in population health are associated with global health outcomes (Irradiate and Allotted, 2007). Health inequality due to economy is unfair as the difficulty a population experiences in health care is determined by the population’s wealth (Irradiate and Allotted, 2007). Poorer countries have shown to be affected by an uneven distribution of health of up to five times worse off than the standard of health experienced in wealthier countries (Irradiate and Allotted, 2007). It has been shown that wealthier countries have higher capacity to support poor health than in poor countries, with the impact of poor health on an individual and societal level being significantly less (Allotted et al. 2003). Reasons for this include the investment in social and healthcare services and higher-quality physical infrastructure found within wealthier regions, controlling the impact of death and illness (Allotted et al. , 2003). Likewise, new scientific discoveries such as the vaccine against the human papilla virus preventing cervical cancer offers advanced and improved health. However an ind ividual’s economic status remains an obstacle to ensure the availability of such vaccination to those most at risk (Senator, Gill, Beaker, 2011). Alkali and Chin (2004) have also concluded that socioeconomics disadvantaged groups experience greater ill health, as they are likely to put themselves at risk engaging in behaviors that are linked with poorer health status. In this case, such groups are also less likely to act on improving their health as well (Alkali and Chin, 2004). Additionally, powers that have the ability to effectively sustain caring social services, including health care systems to citizens of each country also shapes population health (Turrets et al. , 2006). This may not be the case in poorer countries as the nation’s government may lack governmental institutions such as Medicare available in Australia, covering many health care costs, making it possible for citizens to receive medical treatment when in need. Extra alternatives such as private health insurance are also available in Australia but such service may be unavailable in poorer countries or financially inaccessible to the individual. Also, over half of the population in developing nations do not have access to medicines for the treatment of diseases such as cholera, malaria or typhoid fever (Gelid, 2005). Lack of access to basic medicine supplies such as antibiotics, decongestants or analgesic also expose people as being vulnerable to infectious diseases (Gelid, 2005). Secondly, population health has also been shaped according to educational level Turrets, Stanley, De Eloper, Oldenburg, 2006). Cutler and Leers-Money (2012) conclude that education is key to ending bad health habits and a crucial factor that contributes to the transmission of infectious diseases. According to Denton (2003) wealthier, well-educated populations live longer than poorer, less-educated populations. An educated person is said to have a higher capacity to understand and apply health benefits for themselves as well as have greater access to health care Reflecting back on my personal experience, some health professionals may lack impotency to follow clinical practice guidelines of the same standard followed by health professionals in Australia. Health professionals in undeveloped nations may not realism the importance of following such guidelines or may not be put into action as strictly as they are in Australia. In Australia clinical practice guidelines state the extent of clean and highly sanitation service that must be provided to the patient. The lack of education and knowledge to do so including following procedures such as hand washing puts the health professional primarily at fault for the spread of infectious diseases from patient to patient. Likewise, not only health professionals but also citizens of underdeveloped nations do not have substantial access to education, therefore it is difficult for knowledge of good health to be practiced. Developing countries are also lacking in promotion of good health as well (Senator, Gill, Beaker, 2011). Education will also end poverty through employment and develop skills that help improve health status in underdeveloped nations (Cutler and Leers- Money, 2012). Additionally, poor nutrition also contributes increases unhealthy lifestyles. Those who are at a financial disadvantage do not have access to essential nutrients. Lack of clean water in undeveloped nations also increases the spread of infectious diseases. Those who do not have access to fresh, uncontaminated water have no choice but to bath, drink and wash food such as fruits and vegetables all with the one water supply. These situations increase the exposure of infectious diseases (Gelid, 2005). The global increase of food costs also lead to unhealthy nutritional status. There is evidence to suggest that those with low income can no longer buy quality products eating to household restrictions, affecting the country economy as well (Bloom, Brinkman, De Pee, Sandhog, Suburban, 2010). As discussed poor countries have a predominance of infectious diseases from reasons such as lack of education or financially unable to afford better-quality health care. These reasons are opposed to the predominance of disease in wealthier countries that have been found to be lifestyle-related based due to personal choice, individual behavior and increased access to fast food, tobacco and alcohol in wealthier countries also increases the chances of these diseases (Cutler Leers-Money, 2012). Wealthy counties have shown to be dominated by lifestyle-related diseases and very rarely having outbreaks of infectious diseases (Cutler Leers-Money, 2012). Health-related behaviors prone to produce lifestyle-related diseases can include the overcompensation of alcohol intake, smoking, unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity (Adam et al. , 2011). By acting upon these behaviors, the individual is exposing themselves to cardiovascular diseases and various types of cancers such as lung and liver, only to has led to a high percentage of skin cancer, as people do not take sun protection into inconsideration when doing so (Turrets et al. , 2006). It is important to note that not only does health inequality exist from country to country, but within country ethnicity groups as well (Healed, 2004). Health inequality within Australia is evident with Indigenous Australians who have shown a lower level of good health and access to appropriate health care treatment than non-indigenous Australians (Healed, 2004). Step Five: To sum up, this essay has provided me with the graduate attribute of thinking critically and reflectively. It is essential for all students to develop this particular skill, to only for university purposes but also to use throughout their future careers. This essay has allowed me to reflect on past experiences and evaluate health inequality between wealthy and poor countries. From this, I was able to think critically for reasons on this such as economy and educational level found within undeveloped countries and lifestyle choices within wealthier countries. Developing this skill has made me conclude that health inequality does not only exist within a country as a whole, but can occur within country regions as well. Additionally, I was able to not only reflect and think about my own perspective based n my living conditions, but the need to step outside of one’s shoes to see how others in undeveloped countries experience health inequality. How to cite Why do poor countries have a predominance of infectious, Papers

Disclosure Information Asymmetry Continuous -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Disclosure Information Asymmetry Continuous? Answer: Introduction Continuous disclosure regime or requirement of Australian Security Exchange (ASX) has much importance for the companies of Australia. According to this requirement, Australian companies have some specific obligation related to the disclosure of their share related information under the Lasting Rules 3.1 and 3.1A. According to this continuous disclosure requirement of ASX, it the responsibility of the business operations to inform about any specific information to ASX that may have material effect on the share prices of the companies (Hsu, Lindsay and Tutticci 2012). According to ASX, this disclosure obligation is necessary for the Australian companies to increase the integrity as well as efficiency of share market. However, it needs to be mentioned that there has been many questions related with the necessity and effectiveness of continuous disclosure framework of ASX for Australian companies. In order to establish the necessity of continuous disclosure framework for Australian compa nies, it is required to discuss about the importance of continuous disclosure framework. More specifically, it is required to discuss about the benefits that the Australian companies can avail by complying with the standards and principles of continuous disclosure framework. The main objective of this report is to prove the necessity and importance of continuous disclosure regime for the ASX listed companies. Thus, the literature review portion of this report shows the reasons for which it is important to have continuous disclosure regime. Based on the discussion, a conclusion is provided. Literature Review The above discussion states that Australian companies can avail many benefits by complying with the obligation of continuous disclosure requirement. Properly Informed Market: With the help of continuous disclosure framework, business organizations become able to release sufficient amount of information for the investors so that they can make accurate judgement about the share prices (Matolcsy, Tyler and Wells 2012). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the companies should not release false or misleading information to the investors in order to attract large number of investors towards their companies. Apart from this, continuous disclosure framework makes the companies answer ot the market rumours and speculations that can have material impact on the share prices of the companies (Hermalin and Weisbach 2012). Timely Release of Information: The next major impact of continuous disclosure framework on the Australian companies is the timely release of information (Chapple and Truong 2015). This continuous disclosure obligation states that it is the responsibility of the companies to disclose information that are sensitive and have material effect on the share price as soon as it becomes known to them. However, companies are not required to follow this rule where disclosure can be withheld. Under the same principle, it is the obligation of the Australian companies to disclose the information timely when it is no longer legitimately withheld. Moreover, companies are required to timely answer any kind of marketing rumour or obligation related to price of the shares (Seamer 2014). Equal Access to Information: The framework of continuous disclosure helps all the investors become equally beneficial from equal access to the share related information of the Australian companies (Russell 2015). According to continuous disclosure framework, it is the obligation of the Australian companies to make all the price sensitive information available for all investors equally so that certain investors are not become advantageous or disadvantageous in comparison with others. This aspect helps in saving integrity of share market. In the absence of selective disclosure, ASX has become able to reduce the chances of insider trading related with the materially sensitive share information (Di Lernia 2014). It needs to be mentioned that this particular aspect helps in restoring the confidence of investors and shareholders in ASX. Premature Release: Another major advantage of having continuous disclosure framework is the prevention of premature release of information related to shares (Chang, Hooi and Wee 2014). It needs to be mentioned that the implementation of continuous disclosure framework helps in keeping a balance between the timely disclosures of material information about shares and the premature disclosure of share information that can be contributed to the emergence of false share market. In the absence of continuous disclosure framework, companies try to make a false market for their share and securities. For this reason, business organizations should not be involved in developing environment with the help of false and conflicting information about shares and securities (Chapple, Jubb and Lee 2012). Different Commercial Interests: The implementation of continuous disclosure framework helps in safeguarding the commercial interests of different parties involved in the transactions of share markets. With the help of the continuous disclosure framework, business organizations become able to keep a balance between the timely disclosures of sensitive material information of shares and safeguarding the commercial interest of the shareholders and investors (North 2014). For this reason, it is required for the Australian companies to maintain the confidentiality of share information. In safeguarding the commercial interests of the investors and shareholders, it has become possible to gain the faith of them in share market. For this particular reason, it is necessary for the Australian companies to comply with continuous disclosure framework (Tran 2015). Confidentiality of Information withheld from Disclosure: According to the framework of continuous disclosure, it is required for the Australian companies to maintain the confidentiality of sensitive share information that are being withheld from the shareholders and investors. Business organizations have the authority to spread sensitive information to their advisors and commercial partners; but these commercial partners and advisors do not have the authority to trade in the shares and securities of the company based on this information, as they are not available to the investors. This particular aspect implies that it is on the companies to maintain the confidentiality of the released information to the shareholders and investors (Di Lernia 2014). Enforcement and Remedies: The continuous disclosure framework helps the Australian companies in establishing enforcement provisions and remedies related to the sensitive material information for the shares. The implementation of continuous disclosure framework assists the companies in the establishment of clear and consistent guidance for the disclosure of price sensitive and material share information (Price 2014). More specifically, continuous disclosure framework sets some penalties for different kinds of circumstances related with the disclosure of share information by the Australian companies. In addition, the companies can get effective mechanism for the remedy of inadequate disclosure of sensitive and material share information. This aspect has its importance for the Australia companies in disclosing material and sensitive share information. From the above discussion, it can be seen that continuous disclosure framework has many necessities for the Australian companies. The implementation of continuous disclosure framework helps the business organizations in releasing adequate amount of information for the investors and shareholders so that they can take effective investment decisions (Riaz et al. 2013). Apart from this, it is the duty of the Australian companies to disclose prise sensitive and material information when they obtain them. All these aspects play a major role for the Australian companies to disclose the correct and relevant information in the share market. In addition, it can also be seen that the presence of continuous disclosure framework make the equal distribution of sensitive material information to the investors and shareholders. Thus, it can be observed that the continuous disclosure framework plays an integral part in the reduction of information asymmetry between the Australian companies and investo rs (Di Lernia 2014). Effective and timely disclosure is an effective tool for implementing governance in the companies related to the trading of shares. All these above-discussed aspects indicate that continuous disclosure framework plays an effective part for the Australian companies in disclosing share information that have material impact on the share prices of the companies. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be observed that continuous disclosure framework has many positive roles to pay in the Australian firms. As per the above discussion, it can be seen that the presence of continuous disclosure framework provides great assistance to the investors in making effective investment decisions by disclosing price sensitive share decisions. On the other hand, timely release of information and equal access of information to the investors are two of the major positive of the implementation of continuous disclosure framework. The above discussion also shows that the implementation of continuous disclosure framework prevents the Australian companies in the release of premature information related to the price of the shares. Another major aspect is to maintain the confidentiality of price sensitive information related to shares. Thus, from the whole discussion, it can be concluded that the implementation of continuous disclosure framework is good for the developmen t of robust and effective equity market in Australia. For all these reasons, there is no place to disagree with the fact that it is necessary for all the Australian companies to have a continuous disclosure framework. References Annualreports.com. (2018).Annual Report 2015-16. [online] Available at: https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/ASX_BAL_2016.pdf [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018]. Chang, M., Hooi, L. and Wee, M., 2014. How does investor relations disclosure affect analysts' forecasts?. Accounting Finance,54(2), pp.365-391. Chapple, E.L., Jubb, C. and Lee, J., 2012. Audit committee effectiveness in a mandatory disclosure environment. InProceedings of the 2012 Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand Conference. Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand (AFAANZ). Chapple, L. and Truong, T.P., 2015. Continuous disclosure compliance: does corporate governance matter?.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.965-988. Di Lernia, C., 2014. Empirical Research in Continuous Disclosure.Australian Accounting Review,24(4), pp.402-405. Di Lernia, C.A., 2014. Faith/less? Market integrity and the enforcement of Australias continuous disclosure provisions. Hermalin, B.E. and Weisbach, M.S., 2012. Information disclosure and corporate governance.The Journal of Finance,67(1), pp.195-233. Hsu, G.C.M., Lindsay, S. and Tutticci, I., 2012. Inter?temporal changes in analysts forecast properties under the Australian continuous disclosure regime.Accounting Finance,52(4), pp.1101-1123. Investors.bellamysorganic.com.au. (2018).Annual Report 2017. [online] Available at: https://investors.bellamysorganic.com.au/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/hwGxZyb3NkyBtC5tw1kqzQ/docs/reports/Bellamys_Annual_Report_2017.pdf [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018]. Matolcsy, Z., Tyler, J. and Wells, P., 2012. Is continuous disclosure associated with board independence?.Australian Journal of Management,37(1), pp.99-124. North, G., 2014. Listed Company Disclosure and Financial Market Transparency: Is this a Battle Worth Fighting or Merely Policy and Regulatory Mantra?.Browser Download This Paper. Price, J., 2014. Continuous disclosure.Governance Directions,66(1), p.6. Riaz, Z., Ray, S., Ray, P.K. and Kirkbride, J., 2013. Collibration as an alternative regulatory approach for remuneration governance: A contextual analysis of Australia.International Journal of Disclosure and Governance,10(3), pp.246-260. Russell, M., 2015. Continuous disclosure and information asymmetry.Accounting Research Journal,28(2), pp.195-224. Seamer, M., 2014. Does Effective Corporate Governance Facilitate Continuous Market Disclosure?.Australian Accounting Review,24(2), pp.111-126. Tran, A., 2015. Can taxable income be estimated from financial reports of listed companies in Australia?.Browser Download This P